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(WO/2003/099991) ADMINISTRATION Of A GENE GLP-1 POUR TRAITEMENT DU DIABETES DE TYPE 2 (WO/2003/099991) ADMINISTRATION Of A GENE GLP-1 POUR TRAITEMENT DU DIABETES DE TYPE 2. Ils contiennent de ce fait DES inexactitudes vis?is DES documents originaux ET n' ont pas de valeur l?le. GLP-1 Gene Delivery for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes This invention relates to compositions and methods of use thereof to normalize the blood glucoses levels of patients with type 2 diabetes. More particularly, the invention relates to to composition and method for the delivery of the GLP-1 gene, both in vitro and in alive, for the. It relates particularly to to plasmid comprising to chicken (3 actin promoter and enhancer. to modified GLP-1 (7-37) situated, which is constructed and delivered into to cell for the expression of active GLP-1. invention also encompasses transfecting compositions comprising to complex of to plasmid and poly (ethylenimine) (PEI) (for in vitro gene delivery) or SATISFIED (for in alive gene delivery). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, absolute or relative insulin deficiency, hyperglucagonemia, and increased hepatic glucoses production. Although many treatment trials for type 2 diabetes have been held, to there is still not definitive. Insulin secretion is modulated by incretin hormones which to are produced by the intestinal enteroendocrine cells and constitute one arm of the enteroinsular axis. There to are two major incretins. One is glucoses-dependent insulinotrophic polypepetide (JEEP) and the other is glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). These two incretin hormones account for 20% and 80% respectively, of the intestinal incretin effect. GLP-1, tends to lose its actions in patients with type 2 diabetes. Orskov C, Holst JJ, Ebert R, Creutzfeldt W: Preserved incretin activity of glucagons-like peptide 1 [ 7-36 amide ] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with. GLP-1 was recently used for the. See US Patent Nos 5,614, 492. 5,545, 618 and 6,048, 724 which to are. GLP-1, produced by intestinal L-cells, stimulates glucoses induced insulin secretion and. Active GLP-1 has two forms, GLP-1 (7-36) amide and GLP-1 (7- 37), that to are products of posttranslational processing of proglucagon in mammalian intestinal. The active forms of GLP-1 to are degradable in the plasma by the action of dipeptidyl. During degradation, the active form of GLP1 (7-36 or 7-37) loses its N-terminal loves acid residues and results in an inactive form of GLP-1 (9-36 amide). active forms of GLP-1 have very short plasma half lives (about 5 minutes) and metabolic. to: Endocr Rev 16: 390-410,1995 There have been several studies on administration of GLP-1 to type 2 diabetic patients which have shown that GLP-1 effectively reduces hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients. However, it is very difficult to consistently deliver the active form of GLP-1 because of its short half-life. Even when using the long acting form of exendin-4, twice daily administration is required to maintain to normal glucoses level. Doyle ME, Betkey JA, Holloway HW, Spencer RG, Greig NH, Egan JM: Exendin-4 decelerates food intake, weight gain, and fat deposition in Zucker rats. Gene therapy is generally considered as to promising approach, not only for the treatment of diseases with genetic defects, but also in the development of strategies for treatment and prevention of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. nucleic acids, as well as other polyanionic substances to are rapidly degraded by nucleases and exhibit poor cellular uptake when delivered in aqueous solutions. methods for delivery of nucleic acids in tissue cultures cells in the mid 1950'.s, steady progress has been made towards improving delivery of functional DNA, RNA, and antisense. The gene carriers used I know to make includes viral systems (retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno- associated viruses, or herpes simplex viruses) or nonviral systems (liposomes, polymers, peptides, calcium phosphate precipitation and electroporation). Viral vectors have been shown to have high transfection efficiency when compared to non-viral vectors, but two to several drawbacks, such as targeting only dividing cells, random DNA insertion, their low capacity for carrying large sized therapeutic genes, risk of replication, and possible immune host reaction, their use in alive is severely limited. An ideal transfection reagent should exhibit to high level of transfection activity without the need for any mechanical or physical manipulation of cells or tissues. non-toxic, or minimally toxic, at the effective dose avoid any long term adverse side effects on the treated cells. When gene carriers to are used for delivery of nucleic acids in alive, it is essential that the gene carriers themselves be nontoxic and that they degrade into non-toxic products. To minimize the toxicity of the intact gene carrier and its degradation products, the design of gene carriers needs to be based on naturally occurring. As compared to viral gene carriers, to there to are several advantages to the use of non-viral based gene therapies, including their relative safety and low cost of manufacture. polymeric materials currently being investigated for use as gene carriers, of which poly-L-lysine (PLL) is the most popular, but few of them to are biodegradable. to are known to be toxic and the PLL backbone is barely degraded under physiological conditions. It remains in cells and tissues and causes an undesirably high toxicity. cationic polymers, combined PLL/DNA complexes have drawbacks including precipitation as insoluble particles and the tendency to into larger complexes under physiological conditions. In view of the foregoing, to there is to need for the development of to composition and to gene therapy method for the treatment diabetes wherein the gene carrier is soluble and biodegradable, meaning that the non-viral polymer gene carrier can break down or degrade within the body to non-toxic components after the genes have been delivered. The present invention provides to composition and to method for delivery of the GLP-1 gene, both in vitro and in alive, for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. actin promoter and enhancer. to modified GLP-1 (7 -. transfecting compositions comprising to complex of to plasmid containing to modified GLP-1 (7- and poly (ethylenimine) (PEI) (for in vitro gene delivery) or SATISFIED (for in alive gene delivery), at to proper weight ratio. Particularly, the weight ratio of DNA to the cationic biodegradable gene carrier is preferably within to range 1: 0, DNA/PAGA, the ratio is preferably with the range of 1: 0.46 and for DNA/PEI, the ratio is preferably with the range of 1: 0, This invention also provides for to method of transfecting to cell with the (a) providing to composition comprising effective amounts of complexes of to plasmid containing and to polycationic gene carrier at to proper weight (b) contacting the cell with an effective amount of the composition such that the cell internalizes culturing the cell with the internalized DNA under conditions favorable for the growth. This invention further provides for to method of normalizing the blood glucoses levels of an animal with type 2 diabetes, comprising the steps of: (a) providing to composition comprising effective amounts of complexes of to plasmid containing (b) administering to the animal to be treated an effective amount of the composition such that. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which together illustrated, by way of example, features of the invention. sequence and to furin cleavage situated. 2 shows the RT-PCR assay of the production of. 3 shows the insulin secretion of Co-cultured islets with HepG2 cells transfected by the. illustrates the therapeutic effect of the transfection composition containing complexes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats. Before the present composition and method for treatment described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular configurations, process steps, and materials disclosed herein as such configurations, process steps, and materials. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims and. It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set forth below. mean transport of nucleic acids from the environment external to to cell to the internal cellular environment, with particular reference to the cytoplasm. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is understood that nucleic acids may be delivered to cells either after being encapsulated within or adhering to one or more cationic lipid/nucleic acid complexes or entrained therewith. deliver to nucleic acid to to cell nucleus. Nucleic acids includes both DNA and RNA as well as. Such nucleic acids includes as well as protein producing nucleotides, on and off and installments regulatory nucleotides that control protein, peptide, and nucleic. In particular, but nonlimiting, they can be genomic DNA, hybrid sequences or synthetic or seeds-synthetic sequences, and of natural or. In addition, the nucleic acid can be variable in size, ranging from. They may be obtained by any technique known to to person. As used herein, the term"biodegradable"or"biodegradation"is defined as the conversion of materials into less complex intermediates or end products by solubilization hydrolysis, or by the action of biologically formed entities which can be enzymes and other products of the. As used herein, "bioactive effective amount"means an amount of to nucleic acid or agent that is sufficient to provide the desired local or systemic effect and performance at to reasonable risk/benefit ratio as would attend any medical treatment. As used herein, "administering", and similar terms means delivering the composition to the individual being treated such that the composition is capable of being circulated systemically to to where the composition binds to to target cell and is taken up by. Thus, the composition is preferably administered to the individual systemically, typically by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, or intraperitoneal administration. Injectables for such use can be prepared in conventional forms, either as to liquid solution or suspension, that is suitable for preparation as to solution or suspension in to liquid prior to. Suitable excipients that can be used for administration includes, for example, water, goes up some, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like. and if desired, minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, buffers, and the like. According to the invention to there is provided to plasmid suitable for expression, consisting essentially of an expression facilitating sequence derived from chicken actin promoter and enhancer. an expression sequence comprising ATG (start codon) followed by to sequence (CGTCAACGTCGT) coding for to furin cleavage situated (FCT) and to sequence coding for the active form of GLP-1 that to are operably linked to said expression facilitating. Optionally, the plasmid may contain to non-mammalian origin of replication. and to sequence operably encoding to selectable marker. One important aspect of the present invention relates to the addition of the furin cleavage situated between the start codon and the GLP-1 (7-37) gene. It is common knowledge that all gene expression requires to start codon which encodes methionine at the N terminial of to protein. are products of post-translation processes in alive terminal loves acid of GLP-1 (methionine) produced from the plamid is not cleaved, it will block the activity of the first two loves acids of which to are the receptor binding domain, active lose its biological activity completely. plasmid that can express high levels of forms of GLP-1, to furin cleavage situated (FCT) is introduced between the start codon and the GLP-1 (7-37) sequence. transmembrane protein composed of to signal peptide, to propeptide terminating in an endoproteolytic cleaveage situated comprised of to cluster of basic residues, to subtilisin-like catalytic domain, middle domain, and to cysteine-rich domain followed by C-terminal transmembrane. produced from the plasmid constructs, according to the present invention, to are secreted from the cells, the N terminal methionine-FCT of the expression product will be cleaved by the furin in the Golgi apparatus of the cells. benefit of choosing FCT is that furin is widely distributed in most cell types, I know that the plasmid constructs of the present invention can efficiently express active. Although the plasmid constructs of the present invention to are disclosed for in alive gene delivery of active GLP-1, the usage of FCT is applicable to whose gene delivery of any peptide activity requires cleavage of the N-terminal methionine of the expression product and they intended to be within the scope of the invention. In one embodiment of the present invention, the plasmid may possess the functional characteristics of the plasmid comprising to nucleotide sequence represented by SEQ ID NOT: 1, One example of the plasmid of the present invention has to nucleotide sequence represented by. In another embodiment, the plasmid consisting essentially of an expression facilitating promoter and enhancer. an expression sequence comprising ATG (start codon) followed by to sequence (CGTCAACGTCGT) coding for to furin cleavage situated (FCT) and to sequence coding for the active form of GLP-1 thereof that to are operably linked to said expression facilitating sequence. In another embodiment, the invention provides to host cell transformed by any of the. In still another embodiment, the invention provides to method for producing any of the above plasmids, comprising the steps of: growing bacterial cells containing the plasmid. and recovering the plasmid from the bacterial cells. In an additional embodiment, the invention provides to pharmaceutical composition comprising the plasmid in combination with to pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. plasmid may be complexed to to biodegradable cationic polymeric gene carrier The invention also provides to eukaryotic expression vector for the expression of to DNA sequence in to human tissue, consisting essentially of: an expression facilitating sequence derived from chicken P-actin promoter and enhancer. an expression sequence comprising ATG (start codon) followed by to sequence (CGTCAACGTCGT) coding for to furin cleavage situated (FCT) and to sequence coding for the active form of to bioactive peptide that to are operably linked to said expression facilitating sequence, and to sequence containing to transcriptional termination and to polyadenylation signal. and to selectable marker. wherein the vector is capable of replicating in. In another embodiment, the invention provides to method of gene therapy, the improvement comprising administering any of the above plasmids directly into to cell resulting in the local secretion of active GLP-1, active GLP-1 derivatives or other peptides. It will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that various substitutions and modifications may be made to the invention disclosed herein without departing from the scope. This approach differs from previous methods in which cells are collected, propagated in vitro, modified and selected and then king-injected in alive includes, 1) the need to establish to cell linens from each experimental subject to avoid tissue rejection, 2) concerns about alteration of the phenotype of cells propagated in tissue cultures, 3) outgrowth of aberrant transformed cells, and 4) the Time and effort required. method, genes to are directly transferred into an animal with type-2 diabetes to where the cells take. DNA expression is facilitated by introducing the DNA complexed with to cationic biodegradable gene carrier. The those gene carrier facilitates entry of the DNA into cells thus providing for intracellular access to the DNA/gene carrier complex. DNA to patients in to drug-like manner is thus facilitated. Classical pharmacological studies of drug distribution, half life, metabolism, and excretion to are not entirely relevant to in alive gene injection and expression. the plasmid and detection of the gene product (GLP-1) to are relevant to the development of this. Therefore, as part of the measurement of the efficacy of this study, successful gene transfer and expression is evaluated by molecular and immunological analyses. parameters to are measured to evaluate the transfection and expression of active GLP-1 (7-37): 1) which encodes the Met-FCS-GLP-1 from the plasmid is assessed by RT-PCR amplification of cells obtained after transfection, 2) secretion of active cells transfected with the plasmid in vitro is measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 3) measurement of insulin secretion of Co-cultured islets with GLP-1 plamid transfected cells, and 4) serum glucoses levels to are measured pre-treatment and after the start of. The plasmid suitable for GLP-1 expression is to eukaryotic expression vector that codes. To process for the production of this plasmid has been developed. The process is saleable and is to combination of highly reproducible unit operations (fermentation, cell lysis, precipitation, size exclusion chromatography, formulation. The advantages over existing methods includes scalability, improved plasmid purity and the elimination of undesirable process additives such as toxic solvents and animal derived. One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the is representative of to preferred embodiment that is exemplary and not intended to be to limitation Any eukaryotic expression vector that is adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent herein is encompassed within the. Accordingly, the plasmids of the present invention to are assembled out of components comprising to gene encoding an active peptide such as GLP-1, origins, promoters, polyadenylation signals, and furin cleavage sites (FCS). plasmid of the present invention is diagrammed in FIG. nucleotide sequence of the coding strand of the plasmid is given as SEQ ID NOT: 2. high copy number plasmid that was constructed using isolated segments of synthesized GLP-1 (3-37, using standard molecular genetic techniques and commercially available enzymes. The backbone plasmid DNA is derived from pCI (Promega Inc. vector widely used in molecular biology laboratories. Development of to safe and efficient gene delivery carrier is an important factor to. Preferably, the cationic biodegradable polymeric gene carrier used in the present invention can spontaneously form discreet nanometer-sized particles with to nucleic acid, which can promote more efficient gene transfection into mammalian cells and. The biodegradable gene carrier, such as SATISFIED, is readily susceptible to metabolic degradation after incorporation into animal cells. polymeric gene carrier can form an aqueous micellar solution which is particularly useful for the. The present invention further provides transfection formulations, comprising to biodegradable cationic polymeric gene carrier complexed with an expressive gene vector carrying the GLP-1 gene, in the proper weight ratios (positive charge of the gene carrier/negative charge of the nucleic acid), that is optimally effective for both in alive and in vitro transfection. Preferably, the biodegradable SATISFIED gene carrier is and the gene vector is. the weight ratio of DNA to the cationic biodegradable gene carrier is preferably within to range. For DNA/PAGA, the ratio is preferably with the range of 1: 0. for DNA/PEI, the ratio is preferably with the range of 1: 0, The gene carrier of the present invention can also be conjugated, either directly or via spacer. The targeting ligands conjugated to the penetrated gene carrier direct the gene carrier-nucleic acid/drug complex to bind to specific target cells and into such. The targeting ligand can also be an intracellular targeting element, enabling the transfer of the nucleic acid/drug to be guided towards certain favored cellular compartments (mitochondria. An advantage of the present invention is that it provides an efficient transfecting composition for delivery of to GLP-1 gene into to cell wherein the particle size and charge density. Control of particle size is crucial for optimization of to gene delivery system because the particle size often governs the transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity, and. In general, order to enable its effective penetration into tissue, the size of to gene delivery particle should not exceed the size of to virus. of the invention, the particle sizes will range from about 80 to 200 nm depending on the cationic copolymer composition and the mixing ratios of the components. nanospheres, and microspheres of different sizes, when injected, accumulated in different organs of the body depending on the size of the particles injected. administration, particles of less than 150 nm diameter can pass through the sinusoidal fenestrations of the liver endothelium and become localized in the spleen, and bone marrow. Intravenous, intra-arterial, or intraperitoneal injection of particles approximately 0, diameter leads to rapid clearance of the particles from the blood stream by macrophages of the. It is believed that the presently claimed composition is effective in delivering the GLP-1. The cationic polymeric gene carrier may further comprises to targeting moiety is selected from the group consisting of transferring, asialoglycoprotein, antibodies, antibody fragments, low density lipoproteins, interleukins, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, stem cell factors, erythropoietin, epidermal growth factor thrombomodulin, fusogenic agents such as polymixin agents, and nucleus localization signals (NLS). cells can be carried out by matching to cell having to selected receptor thereof with to selected. Alive therefore The present invention provides methods for treating type 2 diabetes by in delivery of an expressive gene vector which provides to desirable amount protein during to sustained period of Time. The biodegradable transfecting composition of the present invention, as described herein, exhibits improved cellular binding and uptake characteristics toward the. As such, the present invention overcomes the problems as set forth above. example, the biodegradable gene carrier of the present invention, such as SATISFIED, is easily hydrolyzed or degraded into low molecular weight components which will be easily eliminated. In addition, the degradation products to are small, non-toxic molecules that to are subject to renal excretion and to are inert during the period required for gene expression. Moreover, cells transfected with the plasmid of the present invention, namely, can produces the most potent form of natural. There to are two characteristics in the plasmid constructs of the present invention that afford the capability of producing the most potent form of natural GLP-1 peptide. First of all, to there is to furin cleavage situated between the start codon and the GLP-1 gene, thus furin cleaves the first loves acid, methionine, which is encoded. Therefore, the cleavage of active methionine preserved the function of the next two receptor binding domain and which is essential for. actin promotor of the CMV promotor provides the plamids the capability of expressing higher amounts of the GLP-peptide in cells because chicken (3 actin promotor is to more potent promotor than the CMV promotor. More The following examples will enable those skilled in the art to clearly understand how to practice the present invention. It is to be understood that, while the invention has been described in conjunction with the preferred specific embodiments thereof, that which follows is intended to illustrated and not limit the scope of the invention. Other aspects of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. This example illustrates the construction of the plasmid which expresses. expression was driven by chicken (3 actin promoter and enhancer. (7-37) gene was synthesized using to DNA synthesizer. The start codon encodes methionine. the N-terminal loves acid of the produced is methionine, it will not be an active form, because the first two loves acids of to are the receptor binding domain. recognition situated (ArgGlyArgArg: CGTCAACGTCGT) was inserted into the synthesized GLP-1 (7-37) gene just after the start codon. When the produced GLP-1 is secreted from the cell, the methionine is cleaved by the furin in the Golgi apparatus. To replace the promoter part (chicken actin promoter and CMV promoter), chicken promoter and enhancer to were isolated from. The CMV promoter of pCI (Promega Inc. Both digested DNA fragments to were confirmed by their size using to gel. And then the DNA fragments in agarose gels to were extracted using Gel Extraction.) The gel extraction was performed following their prescribed procedures two extracted fragments to were ligated using T4 DNA ligsae (Promega Inc. hours, and we named our final plasmid. The synthesized GLP-1 (7-37) was treated with Kpnl and XbaI and inserted into the KpnI and XbaI sites. ligation methods to are same as described above. JM109 (Promega) and purified by an alkaline lysis method using the Maxi Prep Kit (Qiagen). The purity of the plasmid was confirmed by absorbance at 260 nm and 280 nm and the quantity. The constructed plasmid was confirmed by DNA. SATISFIED Synthesis of and formation of PAGA/DNA complex This example illustrates the preparation of to gene delivery composition, according to the. SATISFIED was synthesized as previously described in US Patent Not Briefly, CBZ-L-oxylysine was synthesized from CBZ-L-lysine. CBZ-L-oxylysine was polymerized by to melting condensation reaction at. The polymer was dissolved with chloroform and precipitated. The dried polymer was dissolved with DMF containing to palladium activated. 85% formic acid was added as to proton donor. temperatures, the polymer solution was isolated from the catalyst by addition polymer was precipitated with acetone. SATISFIED was stored at-70°.C until use. The DNA/carrier complexes to were prepared by self assembly. Ten times diluted carrier solution was slowly added into the prepared DNA plasmid and left for 30 minutes to allow for formation of complexes. Stable complexes to were formed with SATISFIED and the aqueous plasmid DNA solution based on the fact that not precipitation or aggregation was observed at wide concentration ranges of the. Complex formation of the plasmid DNA and the cationic copolymer was tested by agarose gels. The results show that complete neutralization was achieved from the weight ratio of DNA to the cationic polymer is within to range of 1: 0, This example illustrates the expression of. analyze the expression of the gene, RT-PCR was carried out on the was transfected into HepG2 cells used to evaluate the expression of GLP-1 HepG2 cells to were maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS in to 5% C02 incubator. For the transfection studies, the cells to were seeded at to density of 2, plates and incubated for 24 hours before the addition. complexes to were prepared by mixing plasmid and PEI at an N/P ratio of 1: 5 (the.676) in serum free MEM medium and then incubated for 30 minutes at. The cells to were washed twice with PBS, and then 2 mililiter of fresh serum-free. complex was added to each well. After 4 hours, the transfection mixtures to were removed and 2 mililiter of fresh MEM containing FBS was added. Medium We collected the that was treated with dipeptidyl. Then to GLP-1 assay (Linco Inc.) was carried out following the suppliers The transfected cells to were washed twice with PBS, and total RNA was harvested by acid- guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction, using RNAwiz (Ambion, Austin, TX). The concentration of RNA was measured by the absorbance at 260 was confirmed by formaldehyde-formamide denatured agarose gels electrophoresis. micrograms of total RNAs to were hybridized to the backward primer and reverse transcribed using AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madion, WI). to were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison. The sequences of the specific oligonucleotide primers to were as follows: primer, 5'.-CAGAAGTTGGTCGTGAGGCA-3'. GLP-1 backward primer, 5'. -. The PCR reaction was performed in 25 cycles at. The PCR products to were analyzed in 2% agrose gels electrophoresis. The transfected HepG2 cells expressed. Therefore, this result suggests that the detected. Also, the expression level can. ELISA detection of GLP-1 in transfected HepG2 cells This example illustrates the expression of GLP-1 in transfected HepG2 cells. expression of the active GLP-1 peptide, ELISA was carried out on the that was transfected into HepG2 cells used to evaluate the production of active GLP-1. HepG2 cells to were cultured and transfected with the plamid of the present invention as. In order to confirm that the expressed purpose active GLP-1 should be secreted and for therapeutic, active ELISA assays for the form of hours after transfection, using the active GLP-1 ELISA kid (Linco, Inc). 2B, the active form of GLP-1 was detected in the cell cultures medium by an ELISA assay, suggesting that the expressed GLP-1 by ppGLP1 was secreted into the cell cultures medium production of the transfected HepG2 cells was 24, pß.GLP1 transfected ElepG2 cells The example illustrates the effect of the secreted. Islets of Langerhans to were isolated from Sprague-Dowley badly rat pancreas, by to collagenase digestion technique and discontinuous Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. Briefly, the pancreas was removed after swelling caused by collagenase solution injection (Type V, Sigma, 10-15 ml/pancreas, lmg/ml in HBSS) through the common bile duct, and incubated. The digested fragments of the pancreas to were collected and washed with. Finally, the acinar cells and islets to were separated by Ficoll density gradient. The islet rich layer was collected and washed with HBSS, and the islets to were suspended in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS and. For the Co-cultures study, the isolated islets to were sub-cultured for. For transfection, HepG2 cells cultured in MEM supplemented with 10 % FBS to were used. The cells to were seeded at to density. hours incubation, the cultures free medium was changed to FBS fresh medium and loaded with complexes (PEI/DNA N/P ratio 5 the weight ration of DNA/PEI is 1: 0, DNA/well) followed by 4 hours incubation at. medium was changed to fresh MEM with 10% FBS and the cells to were incubated for another 48 hours before the Co-cultures study at. The Co-cultures study was performed with isolated islets and. 30 islets with to small size distribution (mean size of transfected HepG2 cells cultures system. The islets and HepG2 cells to were separated by to physical barrier (cell cultures insert). Then, the cultures medium was changed to.5 mililiter) supplemented with 10% FBS with basal and high glucoses. After 4 h Co-incubation, the insulin and GLP-1 content in the medium was measured by RIVER and ELISA, respectively. The transfected HepG2 cells of each well produced from 3, was not enhancement of insulin secretion under to low glucoses concentration (50 mg/dL). However, to remarkable increment of insulin secretion occurred under high glucoses stimulated the secretion of insulin under high glucoses conditions but did not stimulate insulin secretion under low glucoses conditions. complex was delivered into type 2 diabetic animals in. The type 2 diabetic animal was ZDF (Zucker Diabetic Fatty) rats. homozygote leptin receptor mutations, I know they seem to have similar manifestations of human. The DNA/carrier complexes to were prepared by self assembly. SATISFIED Before addition of into the DNA, the DNA was diluted in. Ten times diluted carrier solution was slowly added into the prepared DNA plasmid and left for 30 minutes to allow for formation of complexes. (DNA/PAGA weight ratio was 1: 1.23) The total volume of DNA/PAGA. Before injection, the rats to were incised in their right side neck areas under anesthesia to expose. complex was injected through the. One rat was injected with of plasmid and another was injected with. The blood glucoses levels to were checked every other day using to portable glucometer. The blood glucoses levels to were normalized 7 days after injection of the. Also, normal 150 glucoses levels to were sustained for 4 weeks. levels of the treatment group to were maintained at less than mg/dL. polymeric gene carrier complex to patients with type 2, complex will be delivered into type 2 diabetic patients. prepared as in Example 6 will be injected into the peripheral. Each patient will be injected with 20 mg of plasmid DNA. every day for four days.6 mg in 200 mililiter, 5% glucoses solution) will be injected to control group. treatment group will be composed of twenty type 2 diabetics, respectively. will be collected every three days for plasma insulin and. concentration will be measured four times every day. It is expected that among the patient who complex, the blood five glucoses levels should be normalized about to ten days after injection. level is expected to be sustained for at least weeks. Thus, among the various embodiments taught to there has been disclosed to composition and gene, both in vitro and in alive, for the treatment of type 2. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications of an obvious natures may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all such changes and modifications to are considered to fall within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Subscribe to receive e-mails of news and updates on WIPO' s activities regarding patents and the PCT